Previous, albeit correlative, findings have shown that the neural mechanisms underlying
working memory critically require cross-structural and cross-frequency coupling mechanisms …

Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science.
This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, sense the activity of neurons and regulate
physiological brain functions. They have been implicated in the pathology of brain diseases …

Transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) is a non‐invasive brain stimulation method
that is frequently used to study cortical excitability changes and their impact on cognitive …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a neuromodulatory method with promising potential
for basic research and as a therapeutic tool. The most explored type of tES is transcranial …

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an increasingly used, non‐invasive
brain stimulation technique in neuroscience research and clinical practice with a broad …

Background Cutaneous discomfort is typically reported during transcranial direct current
stimulation (tDCS), restricting the current intensity and duration at which tDCS can be applied. It …

Background Phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) is characterized by the
modulation of the power of a fast brain oscillation (eg, gamma) by the phase of a slow rhythm (eg, …

Inactive interventions can have significant effects on cognitive performance. Understanding
the generation of these cognitive placebo/nocebo effects is crucial for evaluating the …

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a potent tool for modulating endogenous
oscillations in humans. The current standard method for rTMS defines the stimulation …