ABSTRACT
At its first synapse, the retina establishes two parallel channels that encode light increments (ON) or decrements (OFF). At the same synapse, changes in photoreceptor glutamate release are sensed by ON bipolar cells (BCs) via the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), and OFF BCs via ionotropic BCs, which differ in their synaptic configuration with the photoreceptor terminal. ON BCs form invaginating synapses that bring them in close proximity to presynaptic ribbons and the presumed sole source of glutamate release. OFF bipolar cells form flat contacts distal to the ribbon synapse. We investigated the role of LRIT3 in normal assembly and function of the mGlur6 signaling cascade present in ON BCs. We demonstrate that LRIT3 is required for nyctalopin expression and thus TRPM1 expression and function. Using glutamate imaging, whole-cell electrophysiology, and multi-electrode array extracellular recordings we demonstrate that the loss of LRIT3 impacts both the ON and OFF pathways at the level of the BCs. The effect on ON pathway signaling, a lack of ON BC response, is shared by mutants lacking mGluR6, TRPM1 GPR179 or nyctalopin. The effects on the OFF pathway are unique to LRIT3, and include a decrease in response amplitude of both OFF BC and GCs. Based on these results, we propose a working model where LRIT3 is required for either efficient glutamate release or reuptake from the first retinal synapse.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT At the first visual synapse, photoreceptor cells signal to two distinct bipolar cell (BC) populations, one characterized by a depolarizing response to light onset (ON or DBCs), the other by a hyperpolarizing response (OFF or HBCs). The DBC light response depends on a G protein-coupled receptor and associated protein complex, known as the signalplex. Mutations in signalplex proteins lead to DBC pathway-specific loss of visual function. Here we show how loss of LRIT3, a previously identified signalplex protein, prevents functional assembly of the DBC signalplex and alters visual function in both ON and OFF signaling pathways. Thus, our results indicate that the function of LRIT3 at this first synapse extends beyond assembly of the DBC signalplex.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (R01 EY12354 (RGG, MAM); R01 EY014701 (MAM), R01 EY028188 (BGB) and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness to the University of Louisville.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
